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Preliminaries Review and renew your literature search Determine who your audience is What kind of paper is it? Research, review, tutorial? What journal is it intended for? Undergraduates, researchers, but always the reviewers!

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The Sections of the Paper Most journal-style scientific papers are subdivided into the following sections: Title, Authors and Affiliation, Abstract, Introduction, Methods, Results, Discussion, Acknowledgments, and Literature Cited, which parallel the experimental process.

Function Summaries the major aspects of the entire paper in one paragraph The question(s) you investigated (or purpose) (from introduction) State the purpose very clearly in the first or second sentence.

Function Establish the context of the work being reported Discuss the relevant primary research literature (with citations) and Summarizing our current understanding of the problem you are investigating State the purpose of the work in the form of the hypothesis, question, or problem you investigated Briefly explain your rationale and approach and, whenever possible, the possible outcomes your study can reveal.

This section is variously called Methods or Methods and Materials. Function 🎯 Explain clearly how you carried out your study Describe your experimental design clearly Describe the procedures for your study in sufficient detail that other scientists could repeat your work to verify your findings

Function 🎯 Objectively present your key results, without interpretation, in an orderly and logical sequence using both text and illustrative materials (Tables and Figures) Always begins with text, reporting the key results and referring to your figures and tables as you proceed.

Function Interpret your results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation Explain our new understanding of the problem after taking your results into consideration.

What do transitions do? A transition is a change from one idea to another idea in writing or speaking and can be achieved using transition terms or phrases. These are most often placed at the beginning of sentences, independent clauses, and paragraphs and thus establish a specific relationship between ideas or groups of ideas.

Source: Describing Trends in IELTS Writing Task 1