Transition Terms in Academic Papers
What do transitions do?
- A transition is a change from one idea to another idea in writing or speaking and can be achieved using transition terms or phrases.
- These are most often placed at the beginning of sentences, independent clauses, and paragraphs and thus establish a specific relationship between ideas or groups of ideas.
- Transitions are used to create “flow” in your paper and make its logical development clearer to readers.
Categories of Transitions
We can divide all transitions into four basic categories:
Additive transitions
signal to the reader that you are adding or referencing information
Adversative transitions
indicate conflict or disagreement between pieces of information
Causal transitions
point to consequences and show cause-and-effect relationships
Sequential transitions
clarify order and sequence of information and the overall structure of the paper
Additive Transitions
- signal that new information is being added (between both sentences and paragraphs)
- introduce or highlight information
- refer to something that was just mentioned
- add similar situation
- identify certain information as important
| Purpose | Common Terms | Common Phrases | Examples in Research Writing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Adding Information | Also; Additionally; Furthermore; Moreover | In addition to; As well as; In fact; Not only…but also; As a matter of fact | “Furthermore, the data shows that X is a significant factor.” “In addition to the above-mentioned study, Rogers also presents…” |
| Introducing/Highlighting | Particularly; Notably; Especially | For example/instance; To illustrate; In particular; One example (of this is) | “Notably, only two species of this fish survive.”“One example of this phenomenon is X.” |
| Referencing | Considering (this); Concerning (this); Regarding (this) | As for (this); The fact that; With regards to (this); On the subject of (this); Looking at (this information) | “Considering the amount of research in this area, little evidence has been found.” “With regards to the Blue Whale, its teeth are also the largest of any mammal.” |
| Showing Similarity | Similarly; Likewise; Equally | By the same token; In the same way; In a similar way | “Likewise, the algorithm was applied to Y.” “By the same token, this principle can be applied to Z.” |
| Clarifying/Identifying Important Information | Specifically; Namely | That is (to say); In other words; (To) put (it) another way; What this means is; This means (that) | “There are two factors: namely, X and Y.” “In other words, the fall of the Empire was caused by over-expansion.” |
Adversative Transitions
These terms and phrases distinguish facts, arguments, and other information, by
- contrasting and showing differences
- conceding points or making counterarguments
- dismissing the importance of a fact or argument
- replacing and suggesting alternatives
| Purpose | Common Terms | Common Phrases | Examples in Research Writing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Contrasting/ Showing conflict | But; Still; However; While; Whereas; Conversely; (and) yet | In contrast; On the contrary; On the other hand; …when in fact; By way of contrast | “However, there is still more research needed.”“On the other hand, the 1997 study does not recognize these outcomes.” |
| Distinguishing/ Emphasizing | Indeed; Besides; Significantly; Primarily | Even more; Above all; More/Most importantly | “Indeed, a placebo is essential to any pharmaceutical study.”“Most importantly, the X enzyme increased.” |
| Conceding a point | Nevertheless; Nonetheless; Although; Despite (this); However; Regardless (of this); Admittedly | Even so; Even though; In spite of (this); Notwithstanding (this); Be that as it may | “Nevertheless, X is still an important factor.”“In spite of this fact, New York still has a high standard of living.”“Although this may be true, there are still other factors to consider.” |
| Dismissing an argument or assertion | Regardless (of) | Either way; In any case; In any event; Whatever happens; All the same; At any rate | “Regardless of the result, this fact is true.”“Either way, the effect is the same.”“In any event, this will not change the public’s view.” |
| Replacing/ Indicating an Alternative | Instead (of); (or) rather; | (or) at least | “Instead of using X, the scientists used Z.”“Or rather, why not implement a brand new policy?” |
Causal Transitions
- Signal the reasons, conditions, purposes, circumstances, and cause-and-effect relationships
- Often come after an important point in the paper has been established or to explore hypothetical relationships or circumstances.
| Purpose | Common Terms | Common Phrases | Examples in Research Writing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Showing Cause or Reason | Since; For; As; Because (of the fact that) | Due to (the fact that); For the reason that; Owing to (the fact); Inasmuch as | “Since the original sample group was too small, researchers called for more participants.”“Due to budgetary demands, funding will be cut in half.” |
| Explaining the Conditions | If…then; Unless; Granting (that); Granted (that); Provided (that) | In the event that; As/So long as; Only if | “Unless these conditions change, more will need to be done.”“As long as there is oxygen, there will be oxygenation.” |
| Showing the Effects/Results | Consequently; Therefore; Thus; Accordingly; Because (of this) | As a result (of this); For this reason; As a consequence; So much (so) that | “Therefore, we can conclude that this was an asymmetric catalysis.”“As a consequence, many consumers began to demand safer products.” |
| Showing the Purpose | For the purpose(s) of; With (this fact) in mind; In the hope that; In order that/to; So as to | “For the purpose of following standards, X rule was observed.”“With the current state of pandas in mind, this study focused on preservation.” | |
| Highlighting the Importance of Circumstances | Otherwise | Under those circumstances; That being the case; In that case; If so; All else being equal | “Otherwise, this effect will continue into the future.”“All else being equal, the economic impact of this law seems positive.” |
Sequential Transitions
These transition terms and phrases organize your paper by
numerical sequence
showing continuation in thought or action
referring to previously-mentioned information
indicating digressions
concluding and summing up your paper
Sequential transitions are essential to creating structure and helping the reader understand the logical development through your paper’s methods, results, and analysis.
| Purpose | Common Terms | Common Phrases | Examples in Research Writing |
|---|---|---|---|
| Organizing by Number | Initially; Secondly; Thirdly; (First/Second/Third); Last | First of all; To start with; In the (first/second/third) place | “Initially, subjects were asked to write their names.”“First of all, dolphins are the smartest creatures in the sea.” |
| Showing Continuation | Subsequently; Previously; Afterwards; Eventually; Next; After (this) | “Subsequently, subjects were taken to their rooms.”“Afterwards, they were asked about their experiences.” | |
| Summarizing/ Repeating Information | (Once) again; Summarizing (this) | To repeat; As (was) stated before; As (was) mentioned earlier/above | “Summarizing this data, it becomes evident that there is a pattern.”“As mentioned earlier, pollution has become an increasing problem.” |
| Digression/Resumption | Incidentally; Coincidentally; Anyway | By the way; to resume; Returning to the subject; At any rate | “Coincidentally, the methods used in the two studies were similar.”“Returning to the subject, this section will analyze the results.” |
| Concluding/ Summarizing | Thus; Hence; Ultimately; Finally; Therefore; Altogether; Overall; Consequently | To conclude; As a final point; In conclusion; Given these points; In summary; To sum up | “Ultimately, these results will be valuable to the study of X.”“In conclusion, there are three things to keep in mind—A, B, and C.” |
How to Choose Transitions?
Here are some ways to ensure you are using transitions effectively.
- Check for overused, awkward, or absent transitions when you are editing and proofreading your paper. Don’t spend too much time trying to find the “perfect” transition while writing the paper.
- When you at place where a transition could connect ideas, establish relationships, and make it easier for the reader to understand your point, use the list to find a suitable transition term or phrase.
- Similarly, if you have repeat some terms again and again, find a substitute transition from the list and use that instead. This will help vary your writing and enhance communication of ideas.
- Read the beginning of each paragraph. Did you include a transition? If not, look at the information in that paragraph and of the preceding paragraph and ask yourself: “How does this information connect?” Then locate the best transition from the list.
- Check the structure of your paper—are your ideas clearly laid out in order? You should be able to locate sequence terms such as “first,” “second,” “following this,” “another,” “in addition,” “finally,” “in conclusion,” etc. These terms will help outline your paper for the reader.